Диагностика резистентности к аспирину ?

[Korzun]

Уважаемые Коллеги!
Какими лабораторными методами Вы пользуетесь, чтобы диагностировать резистентность к аспирину (с антиагрегационными целями)?
И какова Ваша тактика в случае выявления резистентности?

[Abugov]

Мы, к сожалению, никакими. Очень уж в клопи углубились.

[Korzun]

Сообщение от Abugov

Очень уж в клопи углубились.

А к клопи нет резистентности?
После стентирования часто требуется комбинация аспирин + клопи: в таких случаях тоже никакими?

[Abugov]

Клопи, как раз, измеряем. Верифай нау. Хотя, гайды не рекомендуют такие измерения.

[Korzun]

Как часто встречается резистентность к клопи? Что делаете, если выявите?
Есть ли опыт прасугреля и тикагрелора?

[Abugov]

Насчёт истинной резистентности - не скажу (в смысле не знаю), генотипирование не делали.
Низкий ответ - процентов 25. Далее, мы вступаем в зону, где рекомендации гайдов - ничего не делать. Мы же увеличиваем дозу. Должнен сказать, что во всех случаях нам удавалось снизить амплитуду, хотя бы на 25%. В одном случае, это потребовало недельной терапии по 300 мг.

[shok]

Сообщение от Korzun

...Есть ли опыт прасугреля и тикагрелора?

"астра" обещает тикагрелор Брилинта с апреля. очень ждем!

[Dr.Vad]

В нынешней лабе, где я работаю, для антиаггрегационного эффекта аспирин+дипиродамол (дети с временным исскуственным сердцем "Berlin Heart") пользуют агрегометрию цельной крови, чего там деляют с результатами педиатры (повышают дозу или добавляют антикоагулянты) - не знаю... ранее в протоколе требовали ТЭГ в хитроумной конфигурации "Platelet mapping", но из-за непредсказуемости результатов отказались... насколько помню у "верифая" цены на катриджи заоблачные, здесь его применяют в рамках разных трайлов, но вне их - не знаю...

Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance: methodological challenges and opportunities

[Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ]

[annadrobitova]

почему-то по ссылке не удается пройти...

[Dr.Vad]

From Medscape

Aspirin Resistance -- Fact or Fiction?
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and many other countries. Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a potent and inexpensive drug prescribed to prevent first and recurrent myocardial infarcts and thrombotic cerebrovascular events including transient ischemic attacks. It is also prescribed after thrombolytic therapy and in acute myocardial infarction (MI). Although introduced in 1832, it was not until 1948 that ASA's effect in decreasing the incidence of MI was noted.[2] In 1967, the antiplatelet properties of ASA were recognized.[3] In 1976, the mechanism of action of ASA was discovered to be inhibition of the production of prostaglandins.[4] This discovery resulted in the Nobel Prize for Medicine being awarded to pharmacologist Sir John Vane in 1982. In the 1990s, several large-scale clinical trials were initiated to ascertain the effectiveness of different anti-thrombotic agents including ASA.[5-7] A major finding of the Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration was that ASA reduced the risk of serious vascular events by an average of 25% in patients with acute or previous myocardial infarct, ischemic stroke, angina, or atrial fibrillation.[6] One of the unanticipated questions arising from this and other such studies was the question or concept of resistance to ASA.[8,9]

Powers Peterson, MD, of the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine at the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar in Doha, Qatar, and New York City, presented "Aspirin Resistance -- Testing for Fact or Fiction?"[1] Before discussing issues relevant to the laboratory evaluation of assays for detecting ASA, Dr. Peterson reviewed platelet biology, the platelet's role in normal hemostasis, and the pharmacodynamics of ASA.

Normal hemostasis requires both a platelet release reaction and platelet aggregation. These in turn require an intact arachidonic acid (AA) pathway for the generation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2). A critical enzyme is platelet prostaglandin G/H synthase-1, also known as cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). AA is generated from phospholipids within the cytoplasm of platelets. The enzyme COX-1 acts on AA to produce endoperoxides that in turn produce TXA2 through the action of the enzyme thromboxane synthetase. TXA2 is a very potent platelet-aggregating agent located in the alpha granules of the platelet. ASA interferes with the generation of TXA2 by blocking the access of AA to the catalytic site in platelet COX-1. The COX-1 enzyme is irreversibly acetylated. Because platelets are anucleate, they cannot generate additional COX-1. In the absence of TXA2, platelet aggregation does not occur.

Patients taking ASA may experience adverse effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding and increased oozing during surgery. In addition, tinnitus can occur with higher doses and Reye's syndrome in children is well documented. Alternatively, ASA's interactions with other drugs can be beneficial, as with clopidogrel.[7,10,11]

Because some patients taking ASA suffered untoward clinical events such as a second MI, the concept of ASA resistance was proposed in the 1990s.[12] To date there has been no agreement on a clinical or pharmacologic definition. One possible definition is the occurrence of serious vascular events despite the use of recommended doses of ASA.[8] Another is the inability of ASA to inhibit platelet thromboxane formation.[9] There is agreement on one point: patient noncompliance -- failure to take the drug -- does not constitute ASA resistance. One recent study showed that nonadherence to a therapeutic regimen that includes ASA was a significant mediator of poor outcome.[13] Further complicating the issue of defining the phenomenon is the fact that patients differ in their clinical responses to ASA, just as would be expected with any other drug.

Whatever the definition, there is little consensus on the actual incidence of ASA resistance. Estimates vary from 5% to 60%. One study determined the frequency as 5.2% in patients with cardiovascular disease but without a recent clinical event.[14] In the Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaborative study, the incidence was estimated at nearly 13%.[6] A third study reported the incidence of ASA resistance as 60% in patients with intermittent claudication.[15] ASA resistance has clearly been demonstrated in populations with platelet A2 (PlA2) polymorphism and those heterozygous for the A-842G/C50T haplotype.[16-18] ASA resistance has also been postulated to occur in other settings. Ibuprofen and some COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib and rofecoxib show evidence of ASA resistance in vitro.[19] COX-1 and COX-2 are approximately 90% homologous. The 10% structural difference renders COX-2 relatively insensitive to ASA.[20] COX-1 expression is not inducible and COX-2 expression is. Upregulation of COX-2 occurs in platelets in response to inflammation. ASA resistance has also been observed in patients with serum cholesterol levels > 220 mg/dL.[21] Patients who smoke or ingest the herbal medicines ginkgo biloba and ginseng may also show ASA resistance.[22] The previous observations suggest 3 mechanisms for ASA resistance: (1) increased COX-2 activity; (2) polymorphism of PlA2 platelet glycoprotein IIIa; and (3) polymorphism of the COX-1 gene.

Available Laboratory Tests
In terms of laboratory assays, ASA has varying effects. It does not affect platelet count, prothrombin time, or activated partial thromboplastin time. The template bleeding time, a crude assay with nonexistent clinical utility,[23,24] may or may not be altered. Platelet aggregometry predictably shows an absent response to the agonist AA and may also show changes in the response to adenosine diphosphate. Flow cytometry is sometimes useful to confirm platelet activation. The clinical utility of both standard aggregometry and flow cytometry is limited, however. Both assays are technologically intensive and expensive and require highly trained laboratory personnel. In addition, the results of both assays are subject to interpretation. Further, assay results do not necessarily correlate well with clinical outcomes.

There is no gold-standard laboratory test for assessing platelet function, although standard platelet aggregometry is the assay against which all others are compared. The newest assays for determining platelet aggregation are of 2 types. The first are surrogate aggregometry assays that use whole blood; these are screening tests. The others are biochemical assays that measure thromboxane (TX) metabolites; these tests confirm activation of the COX-1 enzyme.

There are 2 analyzers and 1 assay/procedure currently available in the United States to screen for the presence of ASA. The 2 analyzers are the PFA-100 Platelet Function Analyzer (Dade Behring; Deerfield, Illinois) and VerifyNow Aspirin Assay (Accumetrics; San Diego, California). The procedure/assay is PlateletWorks (Helena Labs; Beaumont, Texas). The biochemical assay for TX metabolites is AspirinWorks (Creative Clinical Concepts; Denver, Colorado).

The PFA-100 is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved to detect platelet dysfunction, von Willebrand disease, and aspirin-induced platelet inhibition. It is an in vitro quantitative measurement of platelet adhesion and aggregation that requires whole blood collected in 3.8% sodium citrate. The cartridges used are coated with collagen/epinephrine and collagen/adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The instrument measures collagen-induced platelet plug formation as time in seconds to occlude an aperture. The numerical result is inversely related to platelet activity, with normal defined as < 193 seconds and abnormal as > 300 seconds. Its sensitivity as a screen for platelet dysfunction is approximately 95%.[25]

As with any laboratory test, there are limitations to the PFA-100. Among them are that an incorrect citrate concentration, ie, 3.2%, may shorten closure time. Also, the cut-off value to determine ASA sensitivity is poorly defined. Further, correlation studies with clinical events -- outcomes -- are few. Dr. Peterson stated that, in her experience, the manufacturer's sample stability time of 4 hours was too long; samples can show deterioration after only 2 hours.

[Dr.Vad]

The VerifyNow Aspirin Assay was previously marketed as the Ultegra Rapid Function Platelet Assay -- ASA. It is FDA-approved "to aid in the detection of platelet dysfunction due to aspirin ingestion...."[26] It is an in vitro semiquantitative measurement of ASA-dependent aggregation that requires whole blood collected in 3.2% sodium citrate. The cartridge contains arachidonic acid, which is thought to be more specific for ASA. The instrument tests aggregation of activated platelets through binding to human fibrinogen-coated beads. The numerical result is reported in aspirin-response units (ARU) with the ASA resistance cut-off defined as ≥ 550 ARU (aspirin-related platelet dysfunction not detected).[26] Its sensitivity as a screen for ASA-induced platelet dysfunction is approximately 91%, according to the manufacturer's product information.[26]

There are primarily 2 limitations to the VerifyNow Aspirin Assay. The first is that, according to the manufacturer, this test cannot be used in patients with inherited platelet defects or in patients receiving many other anti-platelet drugs. The second is that the few evaluation studies to date are flawed. In some studies, ASA resistance has been correlated with biochemical cardiovascular injury, but there has been no systematic follow-up of those patients -- outcomes data.[27] In those studies that did attempt to correlate test results with clinical outcomes, there were confounding variables, such as other anti-platelet drugs.[28]

PlateletWorks is FDA-approved to detect platelet dysfunction due to inhibition secondary to diet, ASA, and/or other drugs. It is an in vitro quantitative measurement of platelet activation that requires whole blood collected in 3.2% sodium citrate. This assay uses separate tubes containing collagen and ADP. This method uses traditional cell counting principles (electronic impedance). Both pre- and postactivation platelet counts are obtained and the numerical result represents percent inhibition. The formula is:

(agonist platelet count) x 100
baseline platelet count

PlateletWorks also has limitations that need to be addressed. There is a very short time allowed -- 10 minutes -- between sample collection and assay. Some studies have indicated that the assay's precision may be a cause for concern. Some laboratories, Dr. Peterson said, have found an unacceptably high false-positive rate because of interference by dietary substances such as chocolate and red wine. Dr. Peterson emphasized that obtaining a dietary history that includes chocolate, wine, herbal medicines, and prescribed and over-the-counter medications is prudent before performing any of these assays.

AspirinWorks is FDA-approved to detect ASA-induced inhibition of TX metabolites. It is an in vitro quantitative measurement of ASA-induced inhibition of TXA2 generation. The assay requires 10 mL of freshly voided urine collected in a preservative. The urine sample may be frozen for assay later. The test, either a radio-immunoassay (RIA) or an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), measures levels of 11-dihydro-thromboxane-B2, a relatively stable breakdown product of TXA2. The assay therefore indirectly measures in vivo activity of TXA2. Reduced levels are interpreted as due to ASA effect. The numerical results are expressed in quartiles. The first quartile is less than 132 pg/mg creatinine, the second quartile 133 to 193 pg/mg creatinine, the third quartile 194 to 296 pg/mg creatinine, and the fourth quartile greater than 296 pg/mg creatinine. Different quartiles represent differing degrees of risk for clinically significant events. A patient whose results are in the first quartile has a relative risk of an untoward cardiovascular event defined as 1. A patient whose results are in the second quartile has a 1.3 times greater risk of myocardial infarction (MI) than a patient in the first quartile. A patient whose results are in the third quartile has a 1.5 times greater risk, and a patient in the fourth quartile has twice the risk of MI.[9]

There are 2 potential limitations with the AspirinWorks assay. The first is that reference ranges of RIA assays differ from those of EIA assays. Similar to tests for lipid levels, the method for a particular patient should be the same or the results may not be interpretable. The second major possible limitation is that the results interpretation depends on a demarcation of the quartiles. However, patients whose results comprised the second, third, and fourth quartiles appeared to be different from patients in the control population. Specifically, the cardiovascular risk factors were higher in the case group than in the control group.[9] Despite this possible limitation, the study authors did conclude that a "clear association" existed between urinary 11-dihydro-thromboxane-B2 levels and cardiovascular outcomes.

Conclusion
So where does the laboratory stand? There are no perfect assays for a clinical phenomenon for which there is no agreed-upon definition. Because we are not certain what ASA resistance is, should we be performing these tests? What we cannot overlook is the most important requirement of any diagnostic test -- that it be clinically useful. In some settings, these assays may provide better answers than laboratories were able to provide before. For example, if a surgeon wants to know preoperatively if a patient has ingested ASA, these screening assays may be more useful than the bleeding time test. If a physician wanted to ascertain whether a patient was compliant with prescribed ASA therapy, these screening assays (PFA-100, VerifyNow, PlateletWorks) might provide an immediate answer. But those uses are not the same as asking whether the laboratory tests that are currently available assess ASA resistance or predict clinical outcomes. Although there is no unequivocal evidence that they do, there is evidence to suggest they might. As explained previously, in appropriate circumstances, such as screening for the presence of ASA or as a substitute for the highly flawed bleeding time test, these assays may be useful. The laboratory should also be prepared to offer guidance on interpreting the results of any of these assays.

[audovichenko]

Совсем не про аспирин, а вовсе про клопидогрель, но все равно очень интересно....
[Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ]

[Dr.Vad]

Полагаю, что данная находка вполне может быть следствием повышенной ADP агрегации тромбоцитов и экспрессии act.P-селектина (aCD62P в таблице), недавно обнаруженная у детей с ЖДА, отсюда у такой категории пациентов (если это и у взрослых) ответ на клопидогрел может быть несколько ниже у пациентов с (ЖД) анемией.