Вот
Active and passive cigarette smoking and the risk of cervical neoplasia.
Trimble CL, Genkinger JM, Burke AE, Hoffman SC, Helzlsouer KJ, Diener-West M, Comstock GW, Alberg AJ.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
OBJECTIVE: Evidence links active cigarette smoking to cervical neoplasia, but much less is known about the role of passive smoking. Using a prospective cohort design, we examined personal cigarette smoking and household passive smoke exposure in relation to the risk of cervical neoplasia. METHODS: Cohorts were established based on data collected on the smoking status of all household members during private censuses of Washington County, Maryland in 1963 (n = 24,792) and 1975 (n = 26,381). Using the Washington County Cancer Registry, the occurrence of cervical neoplasia in the two cohorts was ascertained from 1963-1978 and from 1975-1994. Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate the relative risk of developing cervical neoplasia associated with active and passive smoking in both cohorts. The referent category for all comparisons was never smokers not exposed to passive smoking. RESULTS: The adjusted relative risk and 95% confidence limits for passive smoking was 2.1 (1.3, 3.3) in the 1963 cohort and 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) in the 1975 cohort. The adjusted relative risk and 95% confidence limits for current smoking were 2.6 (1.7, 4.1) and 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) in the 1963 and 1975 cohort, respectively. CONCLUSION: The associations were in the direction of increased risk for both passive smoking and current active smoking in both the 1963 and 1975 cohorts, but were stronger in the 1963 cohort. The results of this long-term, prospective cohort study corroborate the association between active cigarette smoking and cervical neoplasia and provide evidence that passive smoking is a risk factor for cervical neoplasia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.
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ВОт это посложнее
Possible association between passive smoking and lower exhaled nitric oxide in asthmatic children.
Warke TJ, Mairs V, Fitch PS, Ennis M, Shields MD.
Department of Child Health, The Queen's University of Belfast Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
In adults, both active and passive smoking reduce levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO); however, to date, passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has not been shown to affect eNO in children. The authors recruited 174 asthmatic children (96 male, 78 female) and 79 nonasthmatic controls (46 male, 33 female) from a group of children aged 5 to 14 yr who attended a children's hospital for an outpatient visit or elective surgery. Each subject's exposure to ETS was ascertained by questionnaire, and their eNO levels were measured. Asthmatic children had higher eNO levels (ppb) than nonasthmatic children (p = 0.04), and asthmatic children exposed to ETS had significantly lower eNO levels than unexposed children (p = 0.005). Exposure to ETS did not alter eNO levels in nonasthmatic children (p = 0.4). Results of the study suggest that ETS exposure is associated with lower eNO levels among childhood asthmatics. Consequently, ETS exposure may need to be considered when physicians interpret eNO levels in asthmatic children. Further study of the effects of ETS on eNO levels is recommended.
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Active and passive smoking and breast cancer risk in middle-aged Japanese women.
Hanaoka T, Yamamoto S, Sobue T, Sasaki S, Tsugane S.
Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
To examine the hypothesis that tobacco smoke is associated with the risk of female breast cancer, we estimated the relative risks of active and passive smoke in middle-aged Japanese women in a population-based prospective study. The cohort consisted of residents in 4 public health center areas, aged 40 to 59 years. A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted in 1990. This analysis included 21,805 subjects, 180 of whom had developed breast cancer by December 31, 1999. When the reference was defined as never-active smokers without passive smoking, adjusted relative risks (RRs) were 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-3.6) in current active smokers, 1.2 (95% CI = 0.4-4.0) in ex-active smokers and 1.2 (95% CI = 0.8-1.6) in never-active smokers with passive smoking. The elevated risk for ever-smokers was clearly observed in premenopausal women at baseline (RR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.5-9.9) but not in postmenopausal women (RR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.5-2.5). In never-active smokers, the adjusted RR for passive smoking, residential or occupational/public tobacco smoke exposure was 1.1 (95% CI = 0.8-1.6). In premenopausal women, passive smoking increased the risk (RR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.3-5.2) but not in postmenopausal women (RR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.4-1.0). We conclude that tobacco smoking increases the risk of female breast cancer in premenopausal women. (c) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Понятно, что мы не японские женщины, но однако мы люди... и не такие уж мы разные.